Egypt

Anwar al-Sadat succeeded Gamal Abdel Nasser as the President of Egypt in 1970 And was the president until He was assassinated in 1981. Under Sadat’s Leadership, Egypt won the 1973 war and he succeed To bring back the occupied Land to Egypt. He also Negotiated a peace treaty With Israel to end a history Of conflicts between the two Countries.

In our Country Egypt, we have three pyramids. These pyramids are the symbol of our civilization and we considered this man the fourth pyramid; that as he served his country with honor and respect and became: THE WAR AND PEACE MAN.

MOHAMED ANWAR EL SADAT was born on 25.dec.1918.40 miles north of Cairo in a city that called (MIT ABU EL KAWM) Minoufiyya.He graduated of the ROYAL MILITAEY ACADEMY in Cairo; He joined officers' group committed to free Egypt from British control.He was arrested and imprisoned twice during the World War II for co-operating with the Germans against British forces between 1942 and 1948.He became a close assistant of Gamal Abdel Nasser and after the revolution of 1952 he became vice-president of the republic.He was elected to be the president in 1970 after Nasser's death.he achieved the Egyptian’s victory in 1973.he was rewarded the Nobel Prize for peace in1978. Finally he was killed in a military parade on October 6 1981 in Cairo.

He established a new policy, which was totally independent from Gamal A.Nasser.He, was the main designer of the war in 1973 against Israel. This war achieved to him the victory he had hoped for. (Which was regaining control over the Suez cannel).

This war showed that the Arab military was at least as strong as the Israeli. This war was considered as a victory for Sadat. Sadat was one of the best presidents that ruled Egypt as he carried out a lot of projects that would help its coming generation.

such as the Sadat City and lots of cities! He also carried out a lot of agricultural projects and he put Egypt on the picture of the modern countries.

In 1950 he joined Gamal Abdel Nasser's free officers’ organization and became one of the best officers. After the revolution of 1952 he became vice-president of the republic. Then he was elected as a president in 1970 after Naser’s death.He launched with Syria a joint attack on Israel that started the Arab-Israeli war in October 1973. The Egyptian army achieved a tactical surprise in its attack on Israeli. Sadat came out of the war with great prestige as the first Arab leader to actually retake some territory from Israel, After the war he began to work towards peace in the Middle East, He made a historic visit to Israel (Nov. 19-20, 1977), he spoke in Israel with Menachim Begin and gave a speech in the national assembly of Israel, the Knesset.The result of this speech was the Camp David agreement. This agreement was signed on March 26, 1979. This treaty comes in two parts:

The US president Jimmy Carter mediated the negotiations between Sadat and Begin that resulted in Camp David peace agreement between Egypt and Israel.Sadat and Begin won the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1978; and their continued political negotiations resulted in signing the treaty of peace between Egypt and Israel on March 26, 1979.

Mohamed Anwar El-Sadat was not only a political leader but also a beloved leader from his nation who brought back the Egyptian land with peace and war when it was a must.He loved his country crazily as we hope that all the youth can do it the same. He had a positive attitude towards change. He was a man with self-confidence to a great extent and that was very useful to him when he decided to sign the peace agreement with Israel and he did it because he saw it was the best thing for his country. can we continue his dream one day..We hope so...

He was awarded the "Zayed Medal" of first grade by Emirates President Sheikh Zayed for his great efforts in serving Islam.(and many more inside the article).

Al Sharawy was famous for his easy and simple way of interpreting the Koran, this way fitted all society classes and that made him very close to the hearts of all Egyptians. He was the most famous man who interpreted Koran in the last century.

He was born in Dakados village in Dakahleya governorate in the 5^th of April 1911 and he learnt the holy Koran by heart when he was eleven. In 1916 he joined an azhar primary institute in Zakazek and he began his high school studying in 1923. In high school he paid more attention for poetry and he was chosen as the president of the students’ union.It was a turning point in his life when his father decided that Al Shaarawy must enter Al-Azhar in Cairo. Although he wanted to stay with his brothers to plant the land his father’s insistence pushed him to go to Cairo, pay the fees and prepare a place to live in. He was involved in some political movements and got arrested in 1934. He joined the Faculty of Arabic language in 1937, and was graduated in 1941 and got El-Aalamia certificate. He also got El-Alamia certificate with teaching license in 1943.

He joined al Zakazek religious institute after graduating from Tanta’s religious institute then he joined Alexandria’s religious institute. After long years of experience he moved to work in Saudi Arabia in 1950 to work as a professor to teach the law of Islam (Shareia) in Om Al-Kora University. He had to teach this subject although his specialization is in the Arabic language and that was so hard but he proved to be good at teaching this subject that every body admired him. In 1963 a conflict in opinion occurred between the Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser and the king

of Saudi Arabia Sau'd, and the president didn’t allow Al Sharawy to go to Saudi Arabia again and he was employed in Cairo as an office manager to shiek Hassan Ma’mon. After that he traveled to Algeria as a head of the Azharian delegation there and he spent there seven years teaching. After working for a while in El- Gharbia governorate and then in Al Azhar Al Shaarawy returned to teach in the Saudi Arabian kingdom in king Abd el aziz university. In November 1976 he was chosen to be the minister of (Awkaf) and he was the first to call for the establishment of an Islamic bank (Bank Faisal). He stayed in this position till 1978. In 1987 he was chosen as a member in the Arabic language assembly after he got the majority of the votes (40 votes).

He received honoree PhDs from the universities of Al-Monofya and El-Mansoura in literature in 1990. He was awarded the State Estimation Certificate in 1983 and1988. He was selected as the Islamic Character for the Hegri year 1418. He was awarded the "Zayed Medal" of first grade by Emirates President Sheikh Zayed for his great efforts in serving Islam. He was chosen by the Islamic World league, Mecca in Saudi Arabia as member at its constituent organization. Egypt issued a stamp carrying his picture. He got the deservingness merit of the first grade in 1976.Al Shaarawy’s famous publications are a lot in explaining and interpreting the holy Koran such as The Islam and the Modern Thought, Woman in Islam, 100 Questions and Answers in the Islamic Law, Praying and the pillars of Islam, that’s Islam, the Koran’s Miracles.Al Shaarawy died in the 17^th of April 1998.

He served the Islamic world all his life. He wasn't only the Imam of his generation, but also a pioneer and an Islamic thinker for all ages. He was a modest ascetic and the people put him in the rank of outstanding Imams. He easily captured the people's hearts all over the Islamic countries and he was honored by these countries.

A dominant personality in politics, education, and literature in modern Egypt, Taha Hussien was though blind from youth, a distinguished writer and scholar. Because of his outspoken views on social and cultural matters, his career was rarely free of controversy. A prolific writer, he is best known for his autobiography and literary criticism, although he wrote a number of novels.

Taha Hussein was born on October 28, 1898, in AI-Minya in Upper Egypt, and grew up, the seventh of thirteen children, in a middle-class family. At a very early age, he had a simple eye infection, because of the bad treatment so he bacame blind. He went to kuttab (a school where children learn Quran,reading and writing) and was later sent to Al-Azhar University, where he acquired a thorough knowledge of religion and Arabic literature in the traditional manner. He felt sad because of the narrow thinking of his teachers.

University Education

In 1908, he learned about the founding of a new university as part of a national effort to promote education in Egypt under British occupation, and was very keen to join it. He was blind and poor, but overcoming many obstacles, he was accepted in that university. He later started writing AI-Ayyam (The Days),and from that day he began to increase his knowledge. He was the first graduate of this university to receive a Ph.D. with his research on the philosopher Abu-Alalaa’ AI-Ma'arri.

Meeting Suzanne

Again with much trouble, he was sent to study in France with the university's educational mission. His blindness caused him continuing pains, It was in France that he met his ‘sweet voice’, Suzanne, who came to read to him because not all the references needed were available in braille. She later became his wife, his advisor, assistant, mother to his children, great love and best friend. He states that since he first heard that 'sweet voice', pain never entered his heart." After his death, she wrote Ma'ak (With You), published in Arabic; a touching remembrance of their life together.

Sorbonne Ph.D.:

Taha Hussein specialized in literature and classical studies and was, again, the first Egyptian, and the only member of the mission, to succeed in obtaining first his B.A. from Montpellier University, and then his Ph.D. from the Sorbonne. His doctoral research, written in 1917, was on lbn Khaldun, the Arab historian who lived in the fourteenth century and the founder of sociology.

Through his own will for gaining knowledge, he grew to be the leader of the Arab cultural renaissance.

Advocate of Liberal Thought :

He tried to make a mixture between the Islamic and Arab culture and the western mode of thought as well. He became an advocate of liberal thought and translated many valuable works. Before Taha Hussein, the Classical Arabic language, was not in the reach of the general audience . His own style was quite easy to understand

Education for All:

Taha Hussein strongly believed in the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, in Arab unity, and in social justice. He fought for free education in Egypt, insisting, that "knowledge is like water and air," the natural right of every human being, and he made this his condition for accepting the post of Minister of Education in 1950. Lately The new government accept that. Millions of Egyptians owe their literacy to Taha Hussein.

Constant Struggle:

Taha Hussein lived a life of constant struggles - political, social and personal. After his death, his biography was completed by his son-in-law, Mohamed El Zayyat, in a book entitled Maba'd AI-Ayyam (Beyond the Days).

His Novels:

His novels express great sensitivity, insight and compassion in that age for a person with his background. His arguments for justice and equality are supported by deep and honest understanding of Islam. Equally remarkable are his sympathy with his downtrodden compatriots and his understanding of the deepest emotions and thoughts of woman as girl, lover, wife and mother.

Doyen:

During his life time, he was elected member of many educational academies in Arab countries, and was honored by many international institutions.

He was awarded honorary doctorates from French, British, Spanish and Italian universities. In 1973, he received the United Nations Human Rights Award.

Taha Husein died in October 1973, immediately after witnessing his country's victory in its last war against Israel. He died in his home, alone with his "sweet voice"; Suzanne.

There's nothing impossible .We think that these words describe Taha Hussien.Although he couldn't see the things with his eyes, he could see it with his mind which is better than seeing things with eyes and not thinking about it which means no difference.Minister,novels writer, journalist , leader, they all are one they all are Taha Hussien the man who had asked for his nation's right for free education till he achieved it .Not only this but also he tried to compare the Arabic culture with the western and tried to make the Arabic easy for all people and to expand our language and culture world wide.

The greatest Egyptian musician and singer ever.We,Egypt and the history will always remember her for her powerful voice which affected all her listeners .she became the voice of Egypt. She promoted the Egyptian and Arabic culture ,and when Egypt called her for help she answered and toured all over the world in order to collect donations for the Egyptian army .

Egyptian singer, known for her powerful voice and her ability to use melody and improvisation to bring out the meaning and mood of her lyrics, Umm Kulthum promoted traditional Arab music and became the most famous Arab singer in the 20th century .Not only this, Umm Kulthum was considered more than a musician, she became "the voice and the face of Egypt when she toured all over the world in order to collect donations for the Egyptian military after 1967.

She was born in1904 in a village in the Nile Delta of Egypt, Umm Kulthum attended kotab (a religious school for children). Her father was the village's imam (prayer leader),he was singing religious songs at weddings and other special occasions. When he discovered that her voice was very strong, he gave Umm Kulthum lessons and included her in performances. She gained a local reputation very fast, and began touring the delta region for about ten years. About 1923 the family decided to enter the commercial music world in Cairo, Egypt, and by 1928 Umm Kulthum had become one of the most successful performers in the city.

During the 1930s and 1940s Umm Kulthum's fame and artistic leadership continued to increase. She made six motion-picture musicals and worked with Egyptian composers Zakariyya Ahmad, Muhammad al-Qasabji, and Riyad al-Sunbati. After the Egyptian revolution of 1952, Umm Kulthum recorded many songs to support the new republic then she became associated with President Gamal Abdel Nasser. In many interviews and through others to the public, Umm Kulthum promoted the Egyptian and Arab culture.

In the 1960s Umm Kulthum began to sing simple love lyrics similar to those that had been made popular by younger Egyptian stars such as Abd al-Halim Hafiz. After the Egyptian defeat in (1967), Umm Kulthum toured the Arab world on behalf of Egypt, donating the money from her

concerts to the Egyptian government. During her career, Umm Kulthum recorded more than 300 songs. The most famous include “Raqq al-Habib” (1944) by al-Qasabji, “al-Atlal” by al-Sunbati (1966), and many of the zajal (works of colloquial Arabic poetry) by Zakariyya Ahmad.

The thing we have really to mention here is that Although Umm Kolthum was a great and a very famous character she didn't seem to be bad to others .Moreover she tried to help everyone and she really loved everyone so Egypt loved her and that was reflected when she died of heart failure on February 3, 1975. Her funeral was to be held at the Omar Makram mosque in central Cairo, the site of most funerals for well-known Muslims in the city. From there, the body was to be carried by pall-bearers for a short distance to a vehicle that would take it to its final resting place. When the responsible parties realized the number of mourners who planned to come from outside Egypt, they postponed the funeral for two days, contrary to Muslim preferences but not unusual for famous people,

the crowds of ordinary Egyptians far exceeded the number anticipated. thoroughly filling the streets of Cairo, and the funeral did not proceed as planned. The millions of Egyptian mourners took the body from the shoulders of its official bearers and bore it themselves by turns, carrying it for three hours through the streets of Cairo, eventually to the mosque of al-Sayyid Husayn, believed to be one of Umm Kulthum's favorites. There the shaykh of the mosque repeated the funerary prayers over the body and urged its bearers to take it directly to its burial place, saying that Umm Kulthum was a religious woman who would have wanted to be buried quickly in accordance with Muslim practices, and this was finally done.

Umm Kolthum was one of the most famous singers through history. She was a very good symbol for the simple country girl whose voice imposed itself and turned her to be one of the most important persons in Egypt and singers in the Arab world. She had a brilliant voice which had to be heard all over the world, and that was what happened when Umm Kolthum gave concerts all over the world. She knew exactly how to affect the audiences and how to make them (in action). She always supported the Egyptian army in its wars by visiting them in the camps and by singing songs for Egypt.Umm Kolthum was a very responsible woman who always believed that musicians and actors have a mission to do and a message to deliver through their work to the people, so she wouldn't sing a song or act a movie unless it had a great meaning.Umm Kolthum was really the sound of Egypt.